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12BIT I2C Thermometer NIS5112: Electronic Fuse Programmable

In any electronic design, the protection systems have an important role. Unforeseen accidents are common in industrial equipment or those operated by many people. A short circuit or overload is not required (or expected) can destroy a power system and, at worst, can cause serious accidents. The integrated circuit is a NIS5112 electronic fuse (electronic fuse ) ideal for automotive applications and for all that you need a utility power 12Volts. Despite having an SOIC8 package, SENSEFET technology allows NIS5112 working with currents up to 5A. in developments where space, reliability and low cost are important.

The application and development of protection systems in electronic equipment are not as easy as people may believe. Almost daily operational problems occur in household products (TV, DVD Player, Videogames, etc) and people are always convinced that there is a fuse what is broken or loose some cablecito "that's out there. The classic fuse is encapsulated in a glass bulb with two metal caps that serve as a connection is broken props and sometimes very rare. It is necessary within the team there is a very important circuit for the fuse is damaged and thus protect the circuit power, otherwise they break a lot of things in any device before it is destroyed fuse . We could add further that faults that are raised within the team broken components. And when it comes to a point of mass destruction where shorts are serious , Makes his entrance scene fuse savior for the team not ignite or explode (because the break has already occurred). That is, the fuse classical, in most cases, provides limited protection. True preventive action is carried out by intelligent circuits every team has developed and, of course, those who can design from NIS5112 use.

Typical application provided by the manufacturer

NIS5112 NIS5112

The integrated circuit is a ON Semiconductor sold in a SOIC8 package. The salient features of this component are many and the attempt to describe in the text of this article along with accompanying videos. Among these qualities, the first is the possibility that gives you the NIS5112 to adjust the working current or action and protection through a simple resistance and low power dissipation of a preset (adjustable resistor). In the circuit shown above, found in component data sheets, you can see the resistance of 56 Ohms as the manufacturer offers reference circuit demonstration raised. Depending on the resistance value it, you get the current job or action electronic fuse. In data sheets are no formulas or calculations to determine the appropriate value (resistance) depending on the current work ( protection) to be taken. Only found a chart (Fig. 2, p. 4) which are two specific curves. A " Ilimit_SS ," the action current of the fuse on the basis of the current limiting resistor or "sensing." The other, " Ilimit_OL , "the overload current to fuse acting.

Chart appears on NIS5112 data sheets to determine (approximate) value of R_Limit

Understanding this chart will allow us to access all the possibilities offered by the NIS5112 . Ilimit_OL is the curve that represents the current at which the circuit detects an over-consumption and act accordingly. That is, a value between 3.5 A and 5.5 A, according limiting resistor. That is, as the chart shows, with a current limiting resistor of 75 ohms the fuse will act at 4 amps power disconnecting the load. This disconnection (as seen in the second video) may be temporary or permanent. That is, if the length of time the problem occurs is of short duration, fuse automatically resets . On the contrary, if we have a long-term problem over time, fuse cut power to the load permanently and we can only restore power disconnecting and reconnecting circuit (the classic "off and on again" ).

other hand, the curve Ilimit_SS offers information on what will be the starting current (start) that we can get in terms of the current limiting resistor. That is, according to the value we assign to the current limiting resistor, fuse or circuit feed will prevent this action to find a load (use the connection time) outside the values \u200b\u200bset at the beginning of the design. As in the previous curve, we can deduce that: with a current limiting resistor of 330 Ohms, the NIS5112 only allow circuits that consume power roughly 500mA. If the initial current exceeds this value, the electronic fuse not allow the passage of food coming from the source connected to the network or from a battery . Thus, the curves should be reason to the functioning of NIS5112 and to take full advantage of it. Let's see how it behaves with a direct short.

Continuing with the description of the features of the NIS5112 , we have the possibility to work with voltages between 9 and 18 volts for proper operation with transient values \u200b\u200b(in spikes) up to 25Volts (1ms). The maximum voltage delivered to the fuse circuit that will work 15Volts. And all excursions above this value will be "cut " at that level. This property makes it ideal for automotive applications, where power 12Volts is a common denominator between the operating circuits. On the other hand, the maximum current rating as the NIS5112 allow to drain on a circuit will be 5.3 A, according to their datasheet, and transients may reach values \u200b\u200bof up to 25A. The following circuit is the one you showed in the video, with the difference that in our case, working with input voltage from a battery of 12Volts , we do not include C4 and C3 in the assembly. In addition, the type of load that the test did not warrant inclusion of these capacitors needed. We advise to place, so you must not stop where it says install the schematic.

Schematic diagram of circuit used in our trial with NIS5112

Thanks to technology SENSEFET , you can have a MOSFET transistor power with temperature protection, for that matter, has the ability to protect itself. Equipped with a very low driving resistance (30 milliohms ), the transistor provides the NIS5112 the advantage of stop functioning when the temperature has crossed a threshold of risk. In the second video you can see a sequence where this situation arises. When the load resistance puts the fuse to the limit of its current setting, the temperature starts to increase, the MOSFET performance begins to decrease, the LEDs light up less, and temperatures in a few moments enough to level the NIS5112 activate your self-protection system. This maximum temperature is 135 ° C. And only if low 40 ° C, the integrated circuit will be operational to continue their work. That is, if the situation does not change the circuit, the device is self-protected indefinitely until we realize that an overload condition is occurring in the circuit to energize when the payload we want to feed. Watch the video, especially when the LEDs on and try to finish off.

Finally, we find the pin Enable / Timer makes the NIS5112 behave like a real ignition key. With a logic high, enabling us to ensure the integrated circuit. And with a logic low disables operation placing it as an open key. In the event that you are not applying any logic state and placed there a capacitor, be obtained a time delay to activate the voltage output. This delay is associated with the capacitor value connected there. That is, if all highlight the virtues of NIS5112 here you think of few, you can use it as a key to turn on (or not) sub-systems that work with 12Volts. And you can even set a small delay of activation. The pin dV / dt (associated in the operation to pin Enable / Timer ) has connected a capacitor that determines the speed at which the SENSEFET goes to a full conducting state. Observed in this data sheet is expressed as an upslope before the step pulse voltage input. The capacitor placed on this pin determines the growth rate of this ramp.

View the NIS5112 trial conducted on a breadboard

care Perform circuit development, is well studied and optimized the basic general idea of \u200b\u200bany good designer. This search for the details that "make a difference " implies the inclusion of an appropriate system of protection against damage that may make operating an entire production line or an entire section of a manufacturing plant instrumentation. The damage caused by a design fails when you least expect can be avoided with appropriate safeguards. NIS5112 is an integrated circuit designed for this purpose. And the benefits are also important, vital to care for and maintain all types of protected circuits. An electronic fuse you can program in its current capacity and that can be used as switch "is the heart of the integrated circuit and transforms it into a precious element in any development. We invite you to tell your experiences fuse and your impression on this IC in Electronics Forum arg.

Links

NIS5112 Datasheet

Samples

NIS5112 NIS5112

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Source:
http://www.neoteo.com/Portada/tabid/54/id / 21737/pg/0/cp/1/Default.aspx

Cost To Replace Tensioner

retrocomputing: Apple I (1976)

While it can not be considered " the first personal computer, the Apple I has the honor of being one of the first systems to incorporate personal-serial-connection for a keyboard and a monitor. Designed and built by Steve Wozniak , this computer also included $ 666.66 4KB of RAM and a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at about 1 Mhz. Was presented publicly for the first time in April 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club , and to the birth of Apple Computer .

Apple I (Christie's)

The world had changed. In the mid 1970's it was possible to purchase personal computers at a reasonable price. However, there was still a long way to go. Machines based on the S-100 bus, as the Altair 8800 or IMSAI 8080, few resources available "standard" (although its design allowed more in many ways) and its programming was done by a front panel consisting of keys and LEDs. A lot of people, but willing to spend several hundred dollars on a computer, this type of interface found it utterly incomprehensible. But I was about to happen another important change.

Wozniak and Jobs

hold the motherboard of an Apple I (Apple)

Bill Fernandez was a man of many friends. Introduced in 1971 together with two of them, both named "Steve." It was Steve Jobs , 16, and Steve Wozniak - "Woz" to his friends- 21. Wozniak had always felt drawn to consumer electronics and computers in particular, and those who knew him well, not many, knew from a very small circuits spent hours drawing on paper, trying to optimize the maximum. Such was his passion, all the time was teaching the rudiments of this science to kids, like Fernandez or his friend, from that moment, Steve Jobs. For months, Woz was devoted to designing a personal computer. It was not an easy task, and often had to backtrack and restart their work. However, their efforts were crowned with success, and after his friend Steve sell his truck and its HP programmable calculator, provided the money needed to build a prototype computer that was designed. The machine was born the world later known as "Apple I ."

The user must provide their own housing. (Ed Uthman)

Wozniak was one of the characters who frequently visited the Homebrew Computer Club (HCC) in Palo Alto (California), a fraternity of computer users who served as a space for exchange ideas, programs and designs. When in April 1976 was ready your computer, chose the site for presentation in public. As was natural, HCC members were delighted with the invention of Woz. Was a computer that could be built for relatively little money, he did not need to use a terminal, which orders could be made using a keyboard, and, best of all, its creator was willing to share with them details of their design, so that all could be yours. However, Jobs only needed a few days to realize that behind the invention of his friend had an excellent business opportunity, and it was much better to sell among fans of the Homebrew Computer Club and digital electronics stores the computer ready for use.

The manual page for Apple 1, with parts written in manuscript by Steve Wozniak. (Alison)

To carry forward the idea of \u200b\u200bJobs needed money, because the chips that were operating the unit were expensive. With their resources they could assemble and sell some, and with the revenue to build some more. But soon they found dozens of orders in hand to their poor resources could not handle. It was indispensable to secure funding, and that's how Steve Jobs contacted Mike Markkula. Markkula was a young entrepreneur who had made much money with the shares of Intel and Fairchild Semiconductor, who knew the potential that the machine could be designed by the other Steve. So it was agreed to invest $ 250 in the project, and with that capital was born in 1976 "Apple Computer ."

Ad appeared in October 1976 in Interface Age magazine (Apple)

The computer was not compared with those who came after, too powerful. But at that time was simply fantastic. For 666.66 dollars, the Apple 1 made available to the owner complete 4KB of RAM (expandable to 8KB internally, or up to 48KB with expansion cards made by others), 256 bytes of ROM in which is housed the operating system-in fact , a small program written in assembly language allowing the user to enter the program, and a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at about 1 Mhz. Unlike others, Apple Computer had a video output in which text was displayed in 24 rows of 40 characters. The system had a system of "vertical scroll" faster, implemented by hardware, and a connection for the keyboard. While other computers, such as Altair or IMSAI-had similar peripheral, you had to buy separate cards and costing hundreds of dollars.

Apple

inner plate 1 (Genni)

The Apple I was commercially available between July 1976 and August 1977. Your price initial purchase was 666.66 dollars, determined by the $ 500 that sold them to distributors and 33% profit that they got for their sales. In addition, they say, Woz was attracted repeated digits, so all the six seemed a good number. Despite all its innovations, the Apple I was not yet a "personal computer" as those would be sold later on. The main board, which is housed some sixty integrated circuits, was delivered "naked", and you should give it an appropriate case, a power supply, a power switch, an ASCII keyboard, and screen composite video to serve as monitor. If you wanted to save your programs on tape, to avoid having to write every time you switched on your computer, you could buy a cassette interface for $ 75 extra.

This lot is sold in more than 155 thousand euros. (Christie's)

The Apple I, as we shall see next week, was replaced by the Apple II, a machine introduced in April 1977 that far exceeded and that was a real bestseller. But during his short life is estimated to total about two hundred units were sold between 30 and 50 of which still exist. Obviously, the few available copies of Apple I are highly prized by collectors who paid fortunes for them. In 2010, for example, paid more than EUR 155 000 one , at auction at Christie's in London. The expansion included computer 8KB of RAM, manuals and a letter signed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were present in the room. I like Apple computers, despite their limitations, are the foundation of modern computing. Do not you think?

Links

More information: Wikipedia

Source:
http://www.neoteo.com/retroinformatica-apple-i-1976.neo

Corbinfisher Dave Lucas Nick

Microchip expands its line of CAN microcontrollers PIC ® micro economic

Microchip Announces 8-bit microcontrollers PIC18F CAN "K80" , working between 1.8 and 5.5 V, incorporate eXtreme Low Power Technology (XLP) and provide the power consumption sleep mode lowest in the industry, less than 20nA. The new MCUs also integrate an A / D and 12-bit peripheral for user interfaces mTouch ™ capacitive touch sensing. The new microcontrollers are ideal for automotive applications, such as modules of body control, lighting controls, door / seat / steering / windows and air conditioning, building automation applications such as elevators, lighting, sensors and air conditioning controls; and industrial applications such as security systems, alarm controls and remote monitors.

PIC18F Family K80 has been developed for designers who need to incorporate economically CAN communication to their applications along with an extremely low power consumption in sleep and active modes, and robust performance up to 5.5 V. The new microcontrollers also offer a migration path to the well-known family of Microchip PIC18F4680 CAN.

For applications in the automotive and industrial, K80 PIC18F CAN microcontroller can control the smaller, more economical and robust using the integrated CAN peripheral. For applications requiring low power consumption and precision microcontrollers offer the best values market power to extend battery life and an A / D converter 12 bit integrated touch-sensing peripheral for advanced sensors.

are now available plug-in modules (Plug-In Modules, PIM) for the PIC18 Explorer Card for rapid development of the K80 PIC18F microcontrollers with a price of $ 25 per unit, the PIM MA180031 supports the microcontroller PIC18F46K80 44-pin, while the PIM MA180032 PIC18F66K80 supports the 64-pin. For implementation and evaluation of CAN can be used Daughter Card CAN / LIN PICtail ™ (Plus) Microchip (AC164130-2), with a price of 45 dollars, along with development boards PIC18 Explorer or Explorer 16.

PIC18F45K80 The new microcontrollers, PIC18F46K80, PIC18F66K80 PIC18F65K80 and are available in QFN and TQFP packages of 44 and 64 pins, while PIC18F45K80 and PIC18F46K80 models are available in a 40-pin PDIP package. PIC18F25K80 and PIC18F26K80 microcontrollers offer the possibility to choose from QFN, SOIC, SPDIP and 28-pin SSOP.

For more information, visit the Microchip Web site at http://www.microchip.com/get/TK9F .

more info.

Family

• Microchip TK9F

Source:
http://www.elektor.es/noticias/microchip-amplia-su-linea-de-microcontroladores.1731211.lynkx?utm_source=ES&utm_medium=email & utm_campaign = news

Kate Playground Images

retrocomputing: Xerox Star (1981)

In the early 1980's, technology had reached the point of maturity necessary so that computers became more user friendly. The " 8010 Star Information System" , a work station known as "Xerox Star " revolutionized the computer, the first commercial system Available in having a graphical user interface using windows, icons and folders, managed with a mouse instead of the cryptic text-based screens. In addition, he possessed Ethernet network connection, file server, print server and email. In 1981! . Many

water ran under the bridge between 1975 and 1980. Advanced computer technology, therefore, it was possible to go from computers with 256 bytes of memory keys and LEDs used to communicate with their owners a marvel as the " Xerox Star, a workstation of Xerox Corporation that had a GUI not very different from today. The Xerox Star was a milestone in computing history, offering some features that would only be available on other computers 10 or 15 years later. But first things first.

Such were the guts of Dolphin, the first hardware of the Xerox Star (DigiBarn)

The Research Center Xerox Palo Alto (PARC , by Palo Alto Research Center) was created by Xerox Corporation in 1970. I had intended to give the company a work environment that allowed them to develop new technologies that-eventually-became commercial products. In PARC was not the classical pressure develop the product "A" at one time "X" . His investigators had an enormous degree of freedom, and could experience almost no restrictions with innovative concepts and technologies. Thus was born the "High , a workstation developed initially as a computer to be used internally by Xerox but soon to be distributed among some universities. El Alto was revolutionary. Instead of using a text terminal to communicate data to the user, used an interface based on bitmaps. This is the system used by all modern operating systems , which, like Upper use icons, windows and a mouse to interact with the user. This computer was great, even had a network interface called "Ethernet " to share data with others, but I was not mature enough to become a commercial product.

Xerox Star was based interface bitmaps. (DigiBarn)

First had no uniformity. Each program was written by a different group of programmers, and although it worked very well, all lacked a common interface. And since he was born as a machine to be operated by Xerox personnel were needed to use sound technical skills. Despite having a word processor (" Bravo"), an email system (Hardy "), a vector drawing program (" Sil ") and a bitmap editor (" Markup "), the Alto was not exactly user friendly, and was far from being used in company. In addition, it lacked some essential software for such work as a database manager or spreadsheet. But Xerox knew that this computer could become a real star, and in 1977 created the Department Systems Development (SDD by System Development Department) , the " dressed" with about 200 developers, many of them from PARC - and assigned the task of designing a computer with the features of the High but that would be useful in an office supply.

WYSIWYG

was "Holy Word" in the SDD. (DigiBarn)

The challenge was enormous. Xerox wanted to automate most of the tasks of a company, and under the direction of David Liddle was born the project " The Office of the Future ( The Office of the Future ). Liddle was to create a computer as the Alto, that to abandon the typical "dumb terminals" based on the text and bringing computers to everyone. For nearly a year, project leaders held countless meetings, which were defined the characteristics that should be the system. From there came the Red Book, a sort of road map detailing where each piece of the puzzle, including the graphical interface and its main elements. From that point on, any changes to the specifications contained in the "red book " needed to be approved a review team manager maintain overall consistency. The idea was to reproduce on the screen a typical office environment, for an untrained secretary could work with the computer intuitively. WYSIWYG, stands for "What You See Is What You Get " (" what you see is what you get ") became a holy word in the SDD .

10 years would pass before a PC could do this. (Appuntidigitali.it)

WYSIWYG was the key to everything . Until then, you do not "saw " on your screen would look like once it was printed the text he was writing. Xerox's computer using black letters on a white background, mimicking a sheet of paper thanks to software called "Interpress " was duplicated exactly by the printer. was Interpress page description language previously developed in PARC, which later drew Postscript. The rest of the interface was very similar to what we use today: icons representing resources and documents that could be opened in windows using the mouse, and the right programs appear automatically when the user to " click on the icon of a document. The similarity with the current interfaces is no accident. Both Apple and Microsoft, as we shall see in a future article, is inspired the work of Xerox to develop its products.

The concept of " object" was the heart of Star In this computer, everything was considered an object. From a document to a character, all this was the same way: when the user to click on an item, it displayed a list of actions - Open , Move, Delete , Copy , etc, which could be applied to it. These commands could also be invoked through the keyboard, in much the same manner and with the same keys as we do today, 30 years later. Thanks to the Red Book all programs using the same keys and commands to do the same things, something that seems obvious but so far nobody had to standardize. Star applications were programmed with a l anguage object-oriented programming s called Mesa, which later would be based and Modula-2 Modula-3 . Each module had two files. In one specifying the data structures, methods and events of each object, and the second was implemented code acting on them. A rigid system of control established by Xerox forced programmers to fully document each module, and any change that was done on a module required the approval of the project managers.

The software developed for the Star raised hard challenge to the project team hardware. Dolphin , the code name of the initial platform, soon proved inadequate. Half of the project, the software was so demanding that the Star delayed half an hour to start. The team developed a new version called Dandelion equipped with 384KB of RAM (expandable to 1.5MB), 10MB hard disk (later up to 40MB), 8-inch floppy drive, monochrome monitor (black and white ) of 17 inches, mouse and Ethernet. To get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe strength of this team, just remember that the IBM PC , presented August 1981, with its text-based interface, available only 64KB of RAM and, eventually, 5MB hard drive. Of course, all this had a price.

Any resemblance to MacOS, Linux or Windows is not coincidence (Marcin Wichary)

The " 8010 Star Information System " was sold at $ 16 000, approximately three times the that cost a PC. But it was not designed to work "alone " because their scheme based on file servers, print servers and Ethernet connections meant that fulfill the dream of having the "personal office system " cost a lot more. A typical system equipped with two or three Xerox Star, a file server and print server cost about $ 100 000. And if I put some coins, you could include a Xerox laser printer and turn your office into the most geek of the street. Unfortunately, the Star did not become a bestseller. The reasons were many but perhaps the most important have been its price and lack of experience as a supplier Xerox computer equipment. The company was a leader in the market for copying machines, but it seems that too had no idea how to sell computers. is estimated that only sold about 25 000 Xerox Star before they were recalled.

only sold 25 000 units. And some collectors have two of them. (DigiBarn)

But despite this commercial failure, the Xerox Star computer was impressive. Much of the technology we have enjoyed PC users over the past three decades had its origin in this machine. The Apple Lisa, the system GEM Digital Research, the interface Atari ST or Commodore Amiga the of Adobe Systems PostScript and Windows to the very "inspired " in the Xerox job. Hundreds of lawyers got rich because of the lawsuits and counter lawsuits related to the rights and patents for these technologies, and almost always, because of the lack of case law that was on the legal protection of elements such as software or a GUI - Xerox lost the battle. However, managed something very important: to lay the foundations of modern computing. And that's no small thing. Do not you think?

Source:
http://www.neoteo.com/retroinformatica-xerox-star-1981.neo