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Comic Video: Emilia Attias Confirms His Resignation (C5N) Comic

Comic Emilia Attias the former star of Almost Angels Ad makes a semes his leg Almost Angels. Emilia confirmed his resignation in a news channel named 'C5n.

Attias says that is eternally grateful to everyone who made things for her, but felt it was a need for a change, is very positive, is a very positive change.

Almost Angels is a program that I love, but if I almost angels is to let more things than I will participate in some chapters of the fourth season to close this story. I have wanted to make movies and make music, also I have many proposals to TV.

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LED Control: PWM, Servo and LED Dimmer

In today's article we will be able to view multiple applications together to achieve a common goal. A PWM control working 1Khz a LED Blinker , an alert sound (BEEP ), a servo with which to position a powerful set of 36 white LEDs and LED Dimmer to adjust to will light intensity achieved by this source. This development is part of a collaborative project and includes the lighting that will carry a quadricopter (Quad ). Turn signals and intelligent to fly at night and attend this mode transmission system image in real time. Do you like the idea? Watch as we do, we invite you to share the design of this part of the aircraft you see flying here in arg.

Among the thousand and one details that we need to consider when designing a quadricopter find the possibility (sometimes necessary) to provide the development of an illuminated to enhance the possibilities of night flights or low ambient light conditions. A scenario of this kind can occur in the most unexpected time and place and is good to take precautions before regretting this weakness on our ship. In addition, the availability becomes mandatory when using an accounting system transmission of real time images mounted on the engine. But we must be very cautious and careful about everything interesting that we can add to our aerial platform: every screw that we use means " added weight" and that will be noticed in the other when making quick maneuvers or abrupt. If we are guided by our enthusiasm, and added everything that crosses our mind, is likely to achieve our quadricopter not even off the ground.

Peel and the first flight is a challenge

To avoid any headache during the flight tests, it is best to think before construction, practical and effective way of doing things. Of course, the lighting will be based on diodes LED to be mounted on plaques phenolic material. Despite understanding that fiber (FR4 ) plates would look more professional to be evaluated as mentioned at the beginning elementary: total weight increase too for the sake of maintaining a constructive aesthetic . A well-designed work will be as functional and effective in a material or other support. The same applies to the anchor plates. We could have taken an aluminum plate the size of the PCBs that support LEDs while the election was directed toward a small rod of this lightweight material. Ie we support the same function with less than half the weight as possible . Also, do not expect to achieve a strong, impact resistant because we do not expect exactly that impacts. Finally, a servo common feature closes this set with two brackets in the form of "L", also in aluminum. Look at the construction we have adopted in the following video:

We may add, to what we have seen in the video, a better structure might be more solid and reliable, but we must not forget that this advantage we backfires, added weight. It is worth remembering also that the lighting and image transmission system in vivo are not essential to the functioning parts of a quadricopter . We can fly without them or we can build an SUV without lighting or video, but experience to have these "additional " is unique and exciting. Therefore, abandoning the preambles, and moving on the desired system performance, we will address first the overall functioning of the whole and then finished by explaining the prominent features of each particular section. The heart of the system relies on a powerful PIC 18F25K20 which will work as I2C slave at the final moment, when everything is finished. It is for this reason that in the block diagram shows the connection to the bus. Taking advantage of the possibilities offered by the MSSP module , we have seen in the assembly of a display I2C coupled our system, " slave" to the I2C bus main control system of the ship. Thus, we can operate the lights and camera quadricopter from the same system to be used to command the ship.

Basic scheme of assembly carried

Using the PIC as I2C slave be very simple instructions and acted upon a job running which is determined by the times that can handle the main processing system. For now, and before working on the flying drone , use simple soft buttons until you have tested the behavior of full development. This design includes, in the first part we will see today, the movement of a servomotor between two extreme positions and the operation of a MAX16805 PWM using generated by the PIC to control light intensity the main LEDs. When the servo reaches end of travel or the time when the PWM cause low maximum light or a Beep! sound accompanied by flashing a LED (we chose a yellow for now.) The Beep sound can be single or double according to our taste and will only be used at this stage test. In the final assembly will be only the LED indicator will be seen at a distance and the sound of the beep is not very useful there, above the nave. Therefore, to reach the Beep beep ends and will continue once every 10 seconds, indicating that we are working on one end. Coming out of this situation, the Beep is silenced and the LED will not flash more. Observe:

As you observed, up to a 16X2 LCD we have placed on the port B of the PIC to make the task simple initial programming. Of course the code, you'll find at the end of the article, including the LCD so that you too will be easy to work (very useful for control the value of the variables used). Thus, in one assembly met many circuits we have seen separately in arg, but in this development all form a single, with a specific aim: to illuminate the extent necessary, the night journey our ship of exploration. Then recall some fundamental concepts. The MAX16805 in charge of managing the lighting of the 36 white LEDs 10 mm., PWM receive signal at a frequency of 1 kHz. and by varying the duty cycle will adjust the light intensity. For this we use the ECCP module who owns the 18F25K20 and connect the output of channel 1 PWM (CCP1 ) located in PORTC.2 arrive at the entrance of the MAX16805 DIM through a small resistive divider as shown in the following scheme . The rest of the connection required to activate the MAX16805 is the same as we saw in the article Dimmer with Rsense of 1 Ohm and its main power 12Volts.

Circuit used in this trial

For the movement of LED panels, as already announced and we saw in the videos, use a conventional servomotor (in our case, a Hitec HS-311) to which we feed 5Volts. These 5Volts also use for the adapter formed impulses to activate the servo control signal. Trivia: During the start of the trials observed erratic movements in the servo to the direct instructions from the PIC is powered with 3.3 volts. Although the technical talk that the servo can work with pulses from the amplitude 3Volts decided to put an adapter levels (3.3 V 5V). After this, the servo response was always correct and accurate.

Distribution feeds tested

development

These feeds 5Volts 12Volts and is complemented by a 3.3-volts, which is destined to PIC and the circuit is that we show in the picture above. It is worth mentioning that for convenience and technical practice, we refer to 12Volts stress values \u200b\u200balong the entire explanation, but to be more precise we should clarify that batteries used in radio are the Lithium - Polymer ( Li-Po) of three cells that have a rated working voltage of 11.1 volts. For practical purposes, the voltage delivered is as effective as if we were working with a battery Lead-Acid of 12Volts. In addition, all tests were done with these batteries and for this reason that throughout the text and the circuit shown, the supply voltage is referred to 12Volts. It is important to clarify this issue to know when riding all over the ship, the available voltage shall be that of 11.1 Volts.

The trial and fundamental parts

The program developed for the PIC is very simple and is based on generating a set of conditional statements which question the entire time the keyboard. Of course, when we come to work in slave mode I2C this situation will change dramatically, but while we perform the tests, 4 soft touch buttons did the work to activate the mobility and lightness of the system. Returning to the protruding parts microcontroller program highlight the main loop constant attention to the potential action buttons. In case of detection, the program executing powerful instructions provided by Amicus to operate servo PWM outputs and . In the case of the servo, an indication of the output pin and the desired position. The latter value is between 500 and 2500 by type of servo used and the desired stroke length. In our case, the limits were 975 and 2140. The management and PWM generation is just as simple through a single statement, as in the case of the servo, you just have to define the cycle work (Duty-Cycle ) ( PVVM ) and the desired working frequency ( fPWM ). These values \u200b\u200bare obtained variables, each touch of a button, increase or decrease the variable unit employed. That is, generating a PWM control a servomotor and activate your job from four buttons is a task that Amicus allows you to summarize it in 20 lines of program. Thus:

main loop status polling of the buttons

Another interesting part to watch is the generation of Beep. Do not forget that this sound will be accompanied by the activity of a diode LED (in this case yellow) and both indicate that the variables for the PWM servo and reached their maximum or minimum value. "Why a yellow LED ? Because the drone will be full of red and green LEDs performance indicators of different stages, hence the yellow LED may be varied smoothly and effortlessly you will notice the operating state of the lighting system. To generate the Beep then only need a single instruction on a single line of program: FREQOUT . Then the on / off LED indicator complete "audio-visual "

FREQOUT instruction, useful to trigger sound alerts

Finally, another sequence of instructions useful and effective are those that are responsible for generating the delivery of a beep every 10 seconds when any of the variables reaches its extreme value . Using a simple code, implementing a delay 10 seconds, then turns the LED , Beep is issued, you control the keyboard and closed loop program. However, 10 seconds would be held in a time-delayed " useless" while the situation may require some movement or change in intensity of light before they are completed within 10 seconds. For this, an elementary For-Next loop solve this scenario to be mindful of every moment of the action of the keyboard, although we are within the counting time of 10 seconds for Beep . Does the TMR0 ? No, this:

be useful for routine attentive during a timeout

In line 93 conditional verify the activity of the buttons every 2 milliseconds (the duration of the delay) and if any are active GND, I leave the For-Next loop and I go to the instruction that I needed at that time. The instructions " OR " equivalent to what we know as "or" in our English. This "or" one. Today "or" tomorrow. That is, if one of all controlled inputs has a logic low, the program shares routed to the code where change has occurred in states. In our example the action of pressing a button on the final development will be a statement received by the I2C bus . The rest of the CIP program are variable declarations, assignment of initial values \u200b\u200bto these variables and, with these values, determine a starting position set by the servo and a level of enlightenment, also original, through the PWM MAX16805 .

This will complete the development phase and initial test the lighting module of quadricopter . The next phase will be doomed to start working with the I2C bus from another microcontroller and lay the foundation of communication and the operation of PIC 18F25K20 in slave mode. After completing this process, the challenge will to optimize the energy . Then, the weight reduction in construction of bounded size will result in the final step: mounting the camera on the same arm that manages the LEDs ( Or in another set of independent servos?, Do you think? ) and the TV transmitter that deliver live images of every flight, every adventure. Want to be part of this experience? Join the Electronics Forum arg; works by providing advice, suggestions and ideas to this part of development. Would you do it otherwise, how?, Why? Tell us your opinion matters. Source

+ large circuit Download

Source:
http://www.neoteo.com/led-control-pwm-servo-y-led-dimmer

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BIG BROTHER ARGENTINA 2011: NOMINATIONS LIVE Pachano

Comic

Next Sunday at 21: 30 for the screen Telefe , participants will have to nominate for the first time fans can watch program, in vivo, the feedback of the participants.
GH The second gala will be hosted by Marley replacing Jorge Rial.

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retrocomputing: Apple II (1977)

After the success of its first product, the Apple I - the " Steves' wanted to conquer the world. But for that they needed a more powerful computer with a better look and it was easy to use by as many people as possible. Wozniak touched him again sit on the drawing board, and again the result was spectacular: powered by a 8-bit MOS 6502 and a beige plastic case that concealed until 48KB of RAM, was born the first member of the Apple II family , whose members would be marketed between 1977 and 1993.

The Apple I had become a "best seller despite the modest it may seem today (sold hundreds of thousands of iPads in the early hours of its release) to sell a couple hundred units of a product throughout its shelf life. What happens is that at that time personal computers were practically unknown, the price very high, and people still did not quite learn that I could have one at home. When the fledgling Apple realized that design and manufacture computers could become a gold mine, went to work on a new computer intended to replace the Apple I . This might be a product designed from scratch to be sold, and would have everything a home user might need. Steve Wozniack undertook the design of the new computer, and put in everything that he could not include in its first machine.

Advertising Apple II (Byte, August 1977)

The Apple I was a hand-built machine designed primarily to fans who had already had some contact with computers. The Apple II , however, was a true product of mass production. Computer became extremely popular among home users but, especially since the launch of the VisiCalc spreadsheet - also sold well among businessmen. To achieve such a revolution, Apple used marketing techniques masterfully. Woz and Jobs complemented. The excellent design of the first had not been more than a curiosity if it had not had the thrust of Jobs, who along with the advertising agency Regis McKenna, who had designed for Apple bitten apple logo original (from green), was in charge of details completely unrelated to the technology that had made possible the computer but visual impact on its customers. So it was that insisted on highlighting the ability to display colors Apple II , placing it in a white box in which it highlighted a new version of the apple, this time with the colors of the rainbow. Apple would pay always pay attention to these details, which can also be seen in the first ads of Apple II appeared in the 1977 edition of Byte magazine.

was very easy to get into the Apple II

"What so special to Apple II? First, were no longer needed the user to procure a case and power supply for your computer. The Apple II was the kind of "plug and play ." It was still easy to remove the cover and inside access, but it was a pileup that out of place in a home or office. And second, its power, making the comparison with other computers of the era was not exactly negligible. Your motherboard, which was MOS 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz , had eight expansion slots and up 48 KB of RAM . But what made him a true object of desire was his ability to display colors and high resolution graphics, the sound generator and the programming language BASIC (Integer BASIC ) included. Unlike computers like the Altair 8800 , which were primarily aimed at engineers and hobbyists, the Apple II was a product for the masses.

Apple II Plus

Over 15 years of history, Apple sold a large number of different models of its " Apple II." The original, released on June 5, 1977, using the aforementioned microprocessor MOS Technology 6502 to 1 MHz, 4 kilobytes of available RAM , the programming language Integer BASIC in 12 KB ROM and a connector to use an audio cassette recorder and data storage device. On the video, one of the most striking features of this computer, was able to show 24 lines of 40 columns of text in capital letters on a monitor or TV , thanks to an RF modulator. The launch price for this model was $ 1,298 , and the version with 48KB of RAM could be achieved by $ 2,638, an amount that serves to get an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat it was the memory of those years. The success of the Apple II attracted like flies to many manufacturers, who began designing expansion cards or software to further enhance the features of your computer. That's how cards appeared to display text in 80 columns, other programming languages, games and applications. Apple also developed many peripherals such as -Disk II floppy disk drive 5 ¼ inch plus external controller card, which avoided the agony of the endless waiting that occurred when trying to load a large program from a audio cassette. Woz also designed by the Disk II interface is considered one of the most interesting electronic designs in history.

VisiCalc, running on an Apple II As

happen years later with the IBM PC , the open design and the inclusion of connectors expansion made possible the emergence of hundreds of devices that helped popularize the Apple II . If you stop to snap a computer magazine in late 1970, will see a lot of ads highlighting the benefits of their products for the computer, such as serial communications controllers, network cards and primitive, a little later, until hard drives. Some came to build expansion cards equipped with a microprocessor Z80, which gave the Apple II the ability to run programs developed for the-then-very popular operating system CP / M . So was that users of this computer to access database managers like dBase II or WordStar word processor . As the months passed, the cost of the components used in building the Apple II were down in price, while competition was beginning to develop products that could move the market. This meant that Apple would create new versions of your computer, resulting in a large family whose lineage extended until about the early years of the decade of 1990.

Apple IIc, the "portable" family

The first review of the Apple II took place in 1979. Called "Apple II Plus ," included as standard BASIC Applesoft -written by Microsoft, which until then only offered as an improvement and allowed to operate including floating point numbers. RAM Memory were around 16KB (or 48KB, if you were willing to spend a little more) and could be extended to 64KB. This hardware enabled Apple machine could run the compilers UCSD Pascal and FORTRAN 77 very popular at that time. For three years the "Plus" kept Apple from the top spot in sales. When his popularity began to decline slightly was decided to lower its price, so it was launched in 1982 model IIe, a version that took advantage of the new chips available in the market to reduce their number, the size of the main board and, of course, the final cost of the computer. This model, besides being cheaper, the screen could show uppercase and lowercase letters and 64 KB of available RAM expandable to 128 KB. The Apple IIe (Enhanced A pple II) was the most popular model of the family and is one of the most easily be achieved today.

Apple IIGS, a real beauty

In May 1984 the sale was the first portable model of the family, the Apple IIc . His heart was 65C02 microprocessor, an improved version in CMOS technology "old" MOS 6502 used in previous models. The improvements do not end there: the IIc, called "Lolly " during its development, was able to show 80 columns of text without the help of extra plates, connect with other computers through a telephone line with its internal modem, access a floppy disk drive from its integrated controller and more. Its design is more compact than its brethren, limited enough to expand. In 1986 he introduced what became the most powerful member of the Apple II family . Although in 1894 the company started marketing the Macintosh -much more powerful and equipped with a GUI - the successful Apple II was not over. The Apple IIGS represented a major change in the "family" as their 65C816 microprocessor had 16-bit registers and an address bus of 24 bits. Ran at 2.8 MHz, had more memory (256KB and 1024KB, expandable to 8 MB), and a graphical user interface inspired by the Macintosh .

Apple IIc Plus, 1988

The last " embodiment" of the Apple II was the Apple IIc Plus 1988. It was not too different from the IIc, but had a new disk drive 3.5-inch, including an internal power supply and microprocessor 65C02 going to 4 Mhz. It was, as came from the factory, the faster model. However, some expansion cards as RocketChip or ZipGS allowed different models of the Apple II running at 10 or 12 MHz Apple would manufacture and provide further support for this family until about 1993. However, times had changed and a computer that had its roots deeply buried in the 8-bit prevailing in the late 1970's did not have much future in front of " monsters" as the IBM PC the Macintosh or Amiga . Gradually, the Apple I I disappeared from the scene, and although sold millions and many companies even produced clones of them, today there are many people who never heard of these computers. However, it was a very important part of the history of personal computers. Until next week!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_series

Source:
http://www.neoteo.com/apple-ii-1977

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Perfect 'Granata seems to me misplaced'

Perfect Hannibal Pachano chatter outspoken and pointed to DiarioShow.com Amalia Granata, with whom he had a touch in the night Thursday's Dancing.

'is a lady who does not like being told what not to listen. I think it's misplaced. Also that's their problem. I care very little about it. You have to dance. It is a rude. We must be clear who is speaking with a person who has thirty years of experience ', long, almost breathless and quite angry.

He added: 'It seemed a smart mine up a while ago, now I do not think anything. I do not care. I have more important things to solve. " Pachano

also praised Lola Ponce: 'I fell in love with a woman beautiful and educated. It's a fucking artist who triumphs in Europe. "

Finally, the choreographer threw flowers to Bethlehem Francese, who killed himself with laughter at Thursday's presentation: 'It's the most. It is the funniest thing I knew in recent times. "

Operacion Triunfo Operacion Triunfo Eliaz Eliaz Gutierrez Gutierrez

How To Measure An Overbite ?

The computer virus turns 40

Today their existence is now taken for assumed. The fight is a natural reaction to any user. Its consequences are well known, and evolve with each passing day. Despite the current strength have today computer virus in multiple formats and versions (hence the recurring use of the term general malware) , even they had a beginning, one that is well defined, and was much safer than we can imagine. The computer virus is four decades old. What can we say that is right for the occasion? "Happy birthday?

The year was 1971 . The Apollo program continued with their adventures on the moon, we would Jim Morrison, opened the Walt Disney World, and Intel produced the first commercially available microprocessor, the 4004. Internet did not exist, but its basic essence itself: ARPANET had two years running, and had approximately eighteen connected nodes. Then a certain Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies decided demonstrate the concept of "mobile application" . And so was born "Creeper ". The translation of "creeper" has many meanings, but one of the best known is outlined with the idea of \u200b\u200ba "stalker" , someone who makes things strange and disturbing as a window constantly monitor or observe a person while sleep. The idea of \u200b\u200b computer virus had not yet been developed, but the behavior was definitely one Creeper. Entered the remote system, the message published "I'm the Creeper, catch me if you can!" , and then jump to another system. Not copied but moved. And with that, it was found that an application could "move" between systems.

The Creeper of theirs was among the PDP-10

Forty years later we are hoping that this Mr. Thomas never would have created the Creeper. In fact, it was necessary to develop the "Reaper" to clear the Creeper, which somehow gives virus and antivirus the same year of birth. But wishes do not do anything, and certainly the story does not end there, but actually begins . These days, a computer virus is interpreted by users in the same way that a cold: You can fight the best he can, but sooner or later it must face. However, the overall profile was very different from a virus a few years ago. Who developed a virus, had a simple goal as a joke, show their skills, or in some cases, making a political statement. Now, due to the existence of malware is based on profit. Internet is big , and there is too much ground to cover, but at the same time, it is interpreted that there is much to "steal" affected terminals. This makes them more complex more elaborate, and much more dangerous.

Creeper was the first, and others followed, initially in controlled environments. But the first virus is considered "wild" and operating outside its original environment of development was the "Elk Cloner " created by Rick Skrenta in 1982, just fifteen years old. Affected diskettes that were used in Apple II systems, and was the first virus to adopt the mode of infection boot sector. When the computer is started with an infected diskette, the virus is copied into RAM and boot sector-infecting each new disk was introduced in the unit, spreading quickly. The absence of a virus per se , made the process of removal of Elk Cloner was a little far-fetched at the time. To Skrenta was only "a silly joke" , but the boot sector infections would be adopted by many other viruses in the following years.

With its dual units, the Apple II was a breeding ground for the Elk Cloner Two

virus that took special care during the 80s were the Jerusalem and Stoned . Both shared the same birth year (1987) , but their goals were very different. In the case of Jerusalem, the virus could ruin every executable file on an infected system each calendar Friday 13 , and could even adversely affect computer performance. For many, this was the first virus "destructive" who operated large-scale phrase take with tweezers, taking into account the number of active computers in 1987, but justified because of its huge number of variants. In regard to the Stoned, his message characteristic "Your PC is now Stoned!" is still remembered, as his petition to legalize marijuana. The Stoned had its large share of alternatives, one of them changing the classical message with a reference to June 4, 1989, a date for the Slaughter of Tiananmen Square in China.

The early '90s saw a significant increase in the amount of virus, but personally I remember two who were able to leave a mark own in those years. The Michelangelo was a case. The first time it was detected in 1991 and is expected to be the cause of a sort of "digital doomsday" , erasing the information of millions of computers around the world. The virus was activated on March 6, on the birthday of Michelangelo, overwriting sectors on diskettes and hard drives. The media made extensive coverage, including of course the inevitable pinch of paranoia that is added to this kind of news. Finally, cases of data loss were only a fraction of the supposed millions who predicted the news, and Michelangelo was forgotten quickly. In a much more troubling, in mid-1998 showed up the CIH virus, the first version will be activated on April 26, 1999, coinciding with the date of the nuclear catastrophe in Chernobyl . In the worst cases, the CIH could fill the first megabyte of the boot disk with zeros, and even modify the BIOS of the computer completely unusable effectively. While it was possible to restore a computer after an attack of this virus was not a pleasant process.

Finally we reached the twenty-first century, and with it came the "Age of Chaos , since the classical definition of computer virus became much more complex to implement. The ILOVEYOU worm made evident how efficient it could be an e-mail to spread a virus. In 2003, Windows 2000 and Windows XP were put in check by the appearance of the legendary Blaster worm, which could even shut down your computer without user intervention. This led to profound changes in Microsoft systems, and increased awareness regarding firewalls as a security measure. The Welchia was a worm by definition, but in reality I did was remove the Blaster and update system Windows, number one reason why the Blaster hit so hard. In 2004, the slaughter continued with Sasser and MyDoom. Zotob marked the beginning of "malware for profit" in 2005, and the introduction of botnets as platforms for malware.

Remember this? I'm sure it ...

In the first month of 2007, the Storm worm was responsible for eight percent of malware worldwide. A year later, we were unable forget the Conficker , generating millions in losses around the globe, and was a very hard bone to gnaw. Now, we are witnessing the first signs of digital warfare. Stuxnet known as the Trojan was specifically targeted systems Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition of Siemens, used Iranian territory in defiance of the embargo on that country in 2006 due to its uranium enrichment program. 60 percent of infections caused by Stuxnet were located in Iran, and caused delays in the operational capacities of various gas centrifuges.

The Stuxnet focused on Siemens components very precisely

We are on track to open the fourth month of 2011. What do they have prepared for us the virus? Experts agree that there will be an acceleration in the infection of malware on mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones, while seeking to exploit vulnerabilities in social networks. And the numbers continue to grow. In the early '90s, recorded viruses did not exceed 1400 copies. Today, we over 200 million variants, and is becoming increasingly difficult to get rid of them. And all with that little Creeper jumping point of origin. If viruses are to have a happy birthday, you have, but if you drown cake will make us all a favor.

Source:
http://www.neoteo.com/el-virus-informatico-cumple-40-anos

What Virus Is Going Around In Ny

Video http://teleshownoticia.blogspot.com/2010/06/la -fifa-le-banned-tevez-to-el.html

Video

FIFA banned Tevez put the diminutive of his name on the jersey Agüero like you can not use "Kun" in his coat. Jonas Gutierrez may have itself. Is that what is not allowed to use nicknames.

Andá ... Carlos Tevez had requested through the AFA use "Charlie" on his shirt during the World Cup. But he received a "no" to opening day of competition.

Meanwhile, Sergio Agüero had asked to be identified with Kun plus your name on the back and Jonas Gutierrez be called simply by name.

The son of Maradona shall include only his surname, while the ex-Velez will have no problem with his name. Is that FIFA is banning the use of nicknames.

The body president Julio Grondona, like the other 31 teams, gave the order on 1 June with the final list with the numbers and how his players will be identified. Were rejected today. Learn

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retrocomputing: MOS KIM-1 (1976)




MOS Technology Inc, bound by a lawsuit imposed by Motorola, had to change the pin assignments of its flagship product, making it a piece of plastic, metal and silicon incompatible with computers used the Motorola 6800 . Thus was born the "Keyboard Input Monitor " or KIM-1, a small single board computer designed to serve as coach to hardware designers. Unexpectedly, KIM-1 was well received by fans and became a success. Today we tell the story of the grandfather of the Commodore 64 .

Last week we told you as Woz, with the help of Jobs, became loose a lot of chips in the Apple I , thus creating one of the IT companies most important and influential in the world. But before moving forward and presenting models similar to Apple computers, we will devote some class time to a microcomputer that can be placed between the technologically-type Altair 8800 or 8080 IMSAI and following the Apple I . Designed as " development kits, these small systems were often produced by the manufacturers of chips, as a tool for engineers to be able to assess and test their products. But the thirst for knowledge and enthusiasm of the users of the time converted many of these kits in real commercial success. The most emblematic case is that of MOS KIM-1.

KIM-1, established in 1975 and appeared in bookstores in 1976. (Vern Graner)

In the early years of the decade of 1970, the company MOS Technology welcomed the addition to its plan for a group of engineers who had left his competitor Motorola. This group of specialists, led by Chuck Peddle had been responsible for creating the popular Motorola 6800 microprocessor . Once installed on your MOS, they set to work in a few months and repeated the job of creating a clone of 6800 called MOS 6801 . The chip was indistinguishable from that manufactured by Motorola, at last, after all, had been created virtually by the same team, and was 100% compatible with that, but a little cheaper. This allowed much of the MOS gain market because their product could be directly plugged into a motherboard designed for the Motorola chip. Clearly this little liked the lawyers of the creator of 6800, which papered to MOS Technology with a series of lawsuits.

Card KIM-1 expansion. (Vern Graner)

As usual in such cases the courts had a rather strange behavior, and MOS allowed out of the mess that was put simply changing the distribution of the pins of the chip . The new model, called MOS 6502, remained a " 6800, but the metal legs of the microprocessor is ordered differently. This made no direct replacement possible between chips, and MOS sales began to suffer. Was necessary to convince developers that the MOS 6502 micro was a useful and needed for it to provide an economical and flexible platform that could "play " to familiarize themselves with the product. So it was the same Chuck Peddle was responsible for the development of a kit for to meet this demand. The result was the "Keyboard Input Monitor" or KIM-1, established in 1975 and appeared in bookstores in 1976.

You had a 24-key keypad comprising

The KIM-1 was a small microcomputer whose components are housed in a single printed circuit . It was very easy to assemble, because unlike other previous kits used only a few chips. User available keyboard keys composed of 24 -10 digits, letters "A" to "F" and some control keys, and a "screen " formed by 6 digit 7-segment LED . Despite what it may seem rudimentary, it was infinitely better than the system of keys and LEDs used by MITS or IMSAI . But what most appealed to those interested in computers in the form of KIT was its price: $ 245. For that money, the buyer took home a functional computer (or at least "functional " after having assembled) with complete 1KB of RAM. To get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe value he had for a programmer the "huge amount" of memory, just remember that to reach that amount, 8 chips used MOS MOS 6102, each with 1024 bits.

was not very difficult to copy the PCB. (Vern Graner)

One of the interesting features of the KIM-1 was its ability to expand . Peddle had used two chips MCS6530 " Peripheral Interface / Memory Device " capable of managing more memory or peripherals. Two connectors on the left edge of the plate allowed to add devices to the system and the community quickly began to develop interfaces for cassette recorders, video terminals, memory upgrades and more. The market quickly flooded with books on the KIM-1. They could find essential information about your hardware, software small examples, and guidelines for writing programs using the 6502 assembly language. Among the most common aggregates was one with a small speaker, thanks to a program that allowed the KIM-1 generate sounds and melodies. A version of BASIC, the Tiny BASIC , was also adopted by many users, although 4BK required additional RAM. Read these 4KB from a cassette tape delayed about 15 minutes.

Complex expansion card, 1979. (Vern Graner)

When the KIM-1 gained some popularity, the inevitable happened: clones emerged. Ironically, the company had been forced to redesign its product to be copy of another, began to be copied more or less openly. The simplicity of the KIM-1 allowed virtually any amateur undertake a process of "reverse engineering " on the printed circuit board with two faces, we got a dump of the ROM and, in a few days, had a new computer. Many did, and some, such as the KIN-1 of KIN Computers - were used as "clothing computers, hidden under clothing and used in the casinos for" card counting "in tables. But the strongest competition would come from Rockwell International and Synertek.

Rockwell AIM 65, more complete than the original. (Oldcomputers.net)

Rockwell International, a semiconductor manufacturer, obtained a license to market its own version of the microprocessor 6502, and those responsible for seeing the success he was having the KIM-1, did not hesitate to create your own " scorecard." So it was born in 1976 Rockwell AIM 65, a microcomputer equipped with a full ASCII keyboard, a screen composed of 20 character alphanumeric 14-segment LED and a small printer. It was much more attractive than the KIM-1, and optional ROM chips containing an assembler or BASIC interpreter Microsoft offered by Rockwell made him a favorite of many users.

ynertek bet on his SYM-1. (Oldcomputers.net)

Synertek did not want to go out of business, so they put their engineers to work against the clock, and a few weeks later presented SYM-1, a system better than the KIM-1 but not as complete as the AIM 65. It had a screen like the first, but a keyboard-membrane-with 29 keys rather more complete than the original MOS. Its developers endowed it with the same connectors as the original expansion, so that plates designed for the KIM-1 could be used without changes to the product of Synertek. On the motherboard there was also an RS-232 "really " (ie the exact voltage required by the standard), so he decided to many users to choose this model over any other. But the story of KIM-1 was far from over.

The "KIM-2" became the "Commodore PET 2001 (Bill Bertram)

MOS Technology was purchased by Commodore International up, a company owned by Jack Tramiel began manufacturing typewriters later had dabbled (with success) in the market for electronic calculators and had decided to try his luck with the sale of personal computers. Commodore marketed for some time the KIM-1 with its brand, but Chuck Peddle put to work in an extended version of the system. The new KIM should have a QWERTY keyboard full (as they had typewriters), a cassette recorder, a BASIC in ROM and ready to use it to light up the computer and a video screen. To come into force in the computer market, Commodore needed something the size of the Apple I, and Peddle was the one to provide it. When the product was ready, in 1977, was marketed as " Commodore PET 2001 ", predecessor of the Commodore VIC20 and-therefore-" grandfather "of Commodore 64, computers that certainly devote an article in the coming weeks.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIM-1

Source:
http://www.neoteo.com/retroinformatica-mos-kim-1-1976