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FIFA banned
Tevez put the diminutive of his name on the jersey Agüero like you can not use "Kun" in his coat. Jonas Gutierrez may have itself. Is that what is not allowed to use nicknames.

Andá ... Carlos Tevez had requested through the AFA use "Charlie" on his shirt during the World Cup. But he received a "no" to opening day of competition.

Meanwhile, Sergio Agüero had asked to be identified with Kun plus your name on the back and Jonas Gutierrez to be called simply by name.

The son of Maradona shall include only his surname, while Vélez former will have no problem with his name. Is that FIFA is banning the use of nicknames.

The body president Julio Grondona, like the other 31 teams, gave the order on 1 June with the final list with the numbers and how his players will be identified. Were rejected today.

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Film is one of the participants that most appeals to those who follow a daily Big Brother 2011.

Before entering the house, was a dancer. In fact, as all the "brave", scored in reality to get a place on television to prove when, for example, was at the "bachelor" which gave Harder They Come to the Head of Government of the City Buenos Aires, Mauricio Macri.

squatters 10 years showed a video of a presentation of the national hip-hop artist Frescolate in which she shook and performing a pole dance beat. How far the Big Brother put a pipe in the house? Recommended

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fan failure alarm (Cooler)

Within a computer, mechanically coupled to a generous heatsink find a blower (cooler) that has the vital function of the microprocessor kept refrigerated to obtain the best performance in processing speed. A major problem usually occurs when the fan invaded by dust, dirt and soil environment, it stops working, ie stop turning. The result This misfortune is reflected in our computer's strange behavior and even cause, in the worst cases, the silent death of the microprocessor. Do not worry, in arg will help you avoid this situation (and similar) with a very simple circuit and a step-by-step construction this alarm designed to care for your circuits.

The high performance graphics cards, microprocessors, some modern hard drives (HDD) and power supply are simple examples of systems that need to be refrigerated inside a computer . The high processing speeds, coupled with the electrical currents consumed to achieve a performance very demanding, requiring a mandatory forced ventilation. Any malfunction of these cooling elements can trigger a disaster of major proportions and very expensive . As you were mentioning in the summary of the article, not all devices that use a fan possess the quality of play when the forced air circulation stops working.

adequate cooling performance raises Operating system

A clear example of this is the fan power of a computer. If this component fails, can completely unnoticed. A blower attached to a sink in a sound stop working can mean the destruction audio amplifier within half an hour. That is, the accumulation of temperature an electronic device that was designed for use with a heatsink and blower can not be without effective ventilation rightful . In these examples you can sum known experiments and designs signed by us using fans with sales teams that incorporate every day.

cooling bases for notebooks and netbooks are becoming popular

Laptops and BGA processors that abound in notebooks and netbooks are the favorite prey of the accumulation of temperature, of malfunction of the ventilation systems and of course dirt and dust environment. Over time (ie " straight after the warranty period "), welds begin to "cook and break ", causing the teams begin to fail at random and inexplicable. This is why we have begun to proliferate the bases with additional blowers to increase cooling efficiency and greater life laptop. But we always have the same problem: never or rarely do we hear that the fans stop working or diminish their performance. Only those who "have" had this kind of problems we know of the importance that a system give us an alert indicating fans stopped working. In arg, we experimented with a circuit that can find useful and here we present it.

proposed circuit operating the alarm

fans

Most fans low as those used in power bring only two cables to be fed 12Volts . Only the best quality they bring a third cable which is the reference speed of the motor , or whatever on a regular basis is known as " tachometer output." The reference given to us these engines in the third wire is a square wave whose frequency relates to the speed of the rotor . A faster, more frequently and vice versa. This information, in our circuit, will be amplified by T1, then be transformed into an information network voltage by R3 - C2, and will be compared with the tension in the noninverting input of operational amplifier.

by stopping the motor, the voltage level of decrease C2 up to tip (change state) to the operational. This behavior triggered T2 and achieved the lighting of LED . At this point we can clarify what the circuit shown, ie, we can use this output to command an optocoupler to send signals to other circuits handled by other levels of stress. We may place a simple buzzer or buzzer that by applying voltage (driving T2) starts ringing. You can also energize a relay to activate other warning systems and many other activities that let you know loads of failure and help you avoid a disaster is always wrong.

P1 adjustment is made very simple: to activate the circuit along with the fan (using the same 12Volts to energize the circuit, the circuit needs to know that the fan will arrive 12Volts and tachometer signal), the output of the operational status will be an instant high until it loads to C2 then move to a low state continuously while the fan rotates freely and our circuit receives input from the tachometer. Adjusting the control P1, find a point where the output of operational amplifier changes state. Return to the situation of having a low state output and controls, to stop the motor with your hand, the LED, after a moment, active. Releasing the engine and allow its rotation, LED, after a moment, it switches off again . This will clearly see the demonstration of operation in the last video.

And if your fan has no tachometer output?
To resolve this deficiency constructive enough to understand some aspects of the operation of a brushless motor (brushless ) as we are trying to use. In a conventional brushless motor, the rotor (moving part) is winding and the stator (housing, the fixed part) has a permanent magnet to promote responsible windings being energized through brushes . In brushless motors, however, the mobile part, where the blades that will drive the cooling air, is the one with the permanent magnet and the stator (or fixed part) has the windings through which electrical current flows. The permanent magnet rotor has 4 stator poles and four coils.

When the system is energized there will be two poles of magnet that will oppose the magnetic field generated by the stator windings. This will cause the pulse rate . The magnet poles also be responsible for activating (Or not) Switch Hall whose mission will be to disconnect the windings that do not provide power to the rotor motion. When the rotor turns, the poles in front of the Hall Switch change and, therefore, the logic state output of the device changes and alternating coils which become energized. This process is repeated as the rotor spins and the magnet poles alternate exit status of the Switch Hall. Therefore, there will be our reference connection speed: at the output of Hall Switch





The identification of this terminal is very simple. Of the three, one is connected to the supply 12Volts or in some cases, the cathode of a diode power comes from . Ie it is very easy to identify the entrance to 12Volts. Another will connect directly to GND and, finally, the third terminal is the output of Switch Hall. Really easy. Try using a cable of a different color to red and black used in the power connection to make a notable difference and avoid connection errors. Of course, if you have an oscilloscope, you can control the test result to a square wave output of the third cable that you've added, as you can see in the next video.



Finally you subtract only riding the circuit. We performed the installation on a breadboard but you can use any breadboard or printed perform dedicated to control the operation of the blower. Look at the following video LED has a small response delay, which is not instantaneous reaction. As you clarified, this is because the time constant of the network R3 - C2 . If in your case you want a faster protection action, you can "play" with these values \u200b\u200buntil times according to your need. Note that you must make a circuit for each fan to control. You may not use a single circuit for multiple blowers. Using a LM358 can control up to 2 motors and if you choose a LM324, and have the opportunity to work with four units.



As you saw, the circuit is very simple and available to construction of any experimenter. It requires no special components or expensive, just a little desire to experiment and learn. A simple connection to Switch Hall in brushless motor, which allows you to transform it into an engine tachometer output, and a simple operational amplifier, used as a voltage comparator, will help you take care of your precious electronics is always threatened by extreme temperature. From now on, the heat and the constant fear that a fan has stopped running a thing of the past. Cheer up, the construction is very easy and the benefits are great. You can adapt this idea or concept to your needs and provide active and continuous protection to any system cooled by air blowers. Tell us your experiences. Tell us how many times a fan stopped working ruined your computer. Your testimony may serve to convince many of the utility of this construction.

Source:
http://www.neoteo.com/alarma-por-rotura-de-ventilador-cooler.neo

What Can I Make With Butter Pecan Cake Mix

A watch from another planet (DIY)

this article should really be called "Star Clock" or " Planetary "and that he can accomplish some very specific things that could not be obtained with a conventional clock, such that we know. In the same way you approach every week our own projects, we also found the net things are worth highlighting. The clock that today we present can be a useful tool for those who love astronomy and who are passionate about, for example, to observe the evolution (in shape and size) of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and need to know the time (of Jupiter) the stain can be seen from Earth. 24 hours on Earth does not amount to a Venusian or Martian day, so if you want to know if now it is noon in Venus not forget to build this clock.

Watches can be hundreds or thousands on the market, but a device which is able to offer simultaneous When: Earth, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and the Moon among others, is not so easy to find. Another outstanding feature of this assembly is that it will provide 16 independent timers with individual alarms (to alert you about events expected) and even give you the information on time format " Juliana." The latter is very important for astronomers as the use of the Julian calendar usual for this activity instead of the classic Gregorian calendar we usually use in our Western culture. Therefore, this feature adds to the watch very special characteristics, useful and important. Built by Alexander Avtanski with PIC 16F877 a conventional alphanumeric LCD and a keyboard in use, this project stands out for ease of construction and its application utility. Look at the circuit that he has been called "Mars Clock " and see for yourself how easy it will be implemented.

Circuit "Mars Clock" by Alexander Avtanski

Alexander has used to build the cabinet from an old telephone modem that, with some mechanical ability and then removing everything that was not useful in the box, managed to incorporate all the elements that make up the clock. As you can see from the pictures these are just the LCD display, keypad and the board with the microcontroller . For the " sound" alarm used in the design took advantage of existing components in the original plate of the modem. We also reused some of the supply and an external connector to allow the initial programming of the microcontroller. In your case, these things can be added to the main board that contains PIC of the way we are used to perform in our productions.

always find some old team willing to "donate" their organs	plate with the PIC must have an appropriate size for the Cabinet to use	The system must be compact and neatly organized

With the code available on the author's website to operate the system highlights some features that Alexander explains in detail and clear. The display used (16 characters by 2 lines) show, in the first line, the time we know the usual format (hh: mm: ss) and the name of the counter (or timer ) selected (remember you can select up 16 different hour meters) while the second line in the format will Juliano. For those not familiar with the format when Juliano expressed very simply with a number ranging from zero to one and up to 15 decimal places. The time 0 is at 12:00:00 and the time 1 was completed at the same time the following day. However, the time 1 will not be in this watch because after the 11:59:59 (0.999988425925926), will display the time 0 again. That is, as the utility that makes Alexander on his website we can see that at 5:43:08 shall in Julian format, of 0.738287037037037. In addition, we see that whenever the clock is indicating a number that begins with a zero followed by all the decimal as the clock counted but hours dates.

look of the display to provide information

As I mentioned from the beginning, this watch to work with 16 different timers (all programs simultaneously if so), assign an alarm to each clock and specify the type of action we want to run after. That is, the clock continues to count normally, or performing a reset (Reset ) in the counting time (back to 00:00:00) and to stop counting and leave indicated on the display time. Another peculiarity of the striking clock is the possibility of " discount" rather than counting on the time. That is, we can schedule one of the counters as countdown to announce an event while the other systems normally move in the time account. This may not seem very easy to understand at first glance, the diagram proposed by the author on the web offers guidance through the menu to adjust each function, each of the timers used.

clock setting menu

On page devoted to the explanation of how the code all the instructions and possibilities to adapt the firmware to your hardware depending on the materials you use to build this device (glass, keyboard, etc.).. The accuracy obtained after the necessary adjustments to the instructions on the web is less than a second in a week , which is very good and interesting. To accomplish this, Alexander was based on the use of the PIC Timer1 that, unlike the TIMER0 working with 8-bit counter, using a counter 16-bit accuracy that provides the clock higher final accuracy. Of course, variations in time (in arrears or in advance) shall be governed also by hardware variables including, for example, quality glass used with the PIC and frequency drift according to the ambient temperature. The source code available (made in ASM ) to adjust these uncertainties and lead to a system clock to work properly.

Do you have decided where to build your watch?

With these capabilities and code provided by the author, you can make timers that no " work" at a pace of progress every second. Assuming you decide, says the author, make a clock to know when Mars, you'll see that this development will act as a timepiece, but the time it takes to get from 00:00:00 to 23:59:59 occupy 24 hours, 39 minutes, 35.24 seconds is the duration of a day on Mars . To this day on Mars is also commonly referred to as " sun (a solar day). As contradictory as it may seem, despite its huge size, a Jupiter day is approximately 9 hours and 54 minutes. Similarly, we could adjust the 16 timers Clock to be aware of many events occurring in temporary situations very different from those observed on Earth. Visit Alexander Avtanski and discover this clock so striking, useful and effective. Enjoy .

Source:
http://www.neoteo.com/un-reloj-de-otro-planeta-diy.neo

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Comic Marcelo Tinelli, President Ideas del Sur, part of the Fair is made Natpe from 28 to 31 January in Las Vegas, United States, which presents the main channels and production companies in the world of television.
According to the planned agenda, the driver of 'Showmatch', who traveled with Mariano Elizondo, CEO of Ideas del Sur and Alejandro Stoessel, Content Manager, namely a series of meetings with different companies and channels: SBT of Brazil , TVN, Chile, Mexico's Televisa, Telemundo Caracol from Colombia and the United States.

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printed circuit design Discrete Functions

This is a tutorial to learn the basics of KiCad software (version 2.16.2009) using the Jaunty Jackalope Ubuntu version 9.04.

Content

• Design a circuit component notation
• List Verification
electrical components
create a network
• Creating components for the design of PCB Design
• Creating components for PCB
• Creating component libraries
• Import Component Import
• EAGLE EAGLE Circuit
• Create zones in PCB (ground plane)
• Autorouting
• Autoplacement

Definitions

mail

Diagram

schematic diagram or e-mail is a graphical representation of an electrical circuit. Show different circuit components through a simple and standardized symbols. All the components and interconnections in the scheme generally does not correspond to their physical locations in the finished device.

PCB - Printed Circuit Board

	is where electronic components are mechanically and electronically adjusted through the copper traces and a non-conductive material.
	Vista 3d printed circuit is achieved by loading the reference data to three dimensions of the components of a circuit and the track list it.
	PCB without components
	PCB with components

Electronic Design Building a printed circuit board can be completed manually (using pencil and paper to the schematic, a permanent marker to draw the tracks by hand and all the luck in the world if project is more complicated than five components and 30 tracks )

automated electronic design
An automated electronic design software allows the construction of a printed circuit board with the help of information on each component, facilitates and automates editing repetitive tasks.

Other design tools
I will not talk about other products, many available by the Eagle, Ares, PCBWizard, Altium, etc, this tutorial is intended to provide users a simple introduction to design with a GPL software and not create a debate or comparisons in many cases may be partial, incomplete and / or unfair.

Read more ... (79 pages in the full document can be downloaded in PDF below).

Download: PDF


4.46 MB Author: Merry Web
origin: http://sergiols.blogspot.com

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KiCad

was like writing a bit and I decided this article is nothing new, it's actually quite obsolete but wanted to make a little history of how they started, in the era of semiconductors, the famous functions now use daily in the microprocessor without even realizing .... but with a small personal touches ... made with transistors and tested.

Without further ado, let the paper: PAR FUNCTION

is that function whose output (Y) there is the same value as its input (A).

The truth table and symbol are as follows:

and that your circuit (Click image to enlarge)

going from right to left we have what I call the stage output formed by R6, Q3, T3, D2 and Q4, whose mission is to provide a voltage high or low output (D3 and R7).

Suppose that the output this to a low level, then the collector of Q4 will have a voltage close to 0V, for that to happen in Q4 should be saturated condition whereas if the output was in a high state Q3 should be in saturation by the current flowing through R6 and D2 respectively, of what follows that R6, Q3 and D2 are the output stage for high and low for Q4.

A point to note is that Q3 and Q4 can not be activated simultaneously and that in this way would be an output short circuit, which is why it makes so-called phase excitation formed by R4, R5 and Q2 so that this does not happen.

look at the circuit, if there is no base current in Q2 this will be in court presenting a high impedance between the collector and emitter and causing current to flow through R4 to the base of Q3 by putting it in a state of saturation and, because that Q2 is not conducting, the voltage drop across the resistor R5 is 0V Q4 leaving the court, on the contrary if there is current at the base of Q2 this saturation states would plummet at the base voltage of Q3 that would cut and likewise increasing the voltage drop across R5 making Q4 is saturated. Finally would

to see the input stage and adaptation composed of Q1, D1, R1 and R2, as you can see the performance with respect to Q2 is more than just the issue here is in the entrance as if there were D1 and R3 any voltage above that level would be taken as 0.25 V high level of Q1. Now, the voltage applied to the input through R1 and D1 to be reflected in the BE junction of Q1 producing voltage drops in each of the most important elements here that produced in D1. As no current will circulate until the input level exceeds 0.9 V Q1 remains in state court and Q2 in saturation, the voltage exceeded the process is reversed only when Q1 reaches approximately 1.2 V (0.9 V + 0.25V).

So here I find it interesting? ... Then see the INVESTMENT FUNCTION

First

its symbol and truth table

and its corresponding circuit

As we can see both the stage output (R4, Q3, D2, Q4) as the excitation (R2, Q2, R3) are equal to the previous example so we will focus only on the input stage and adaptation consists of D1, Q1 and R1.

At first glance we notice that the provision in Q1 changed, the signal input is now through of the issuer, in this way R1 will flow through a stream that will be the sum of the current circulating through the BE junction of Q1 plus the circulation by the BC junction of that transistor and which circulates in turn by the union BE Q2.

In the presence of a low logic signal BE junction of Q1 will be directly polarized by the current flow put it in a state of saturation, as the CE voltage of Q1 will be very small in this state, Q2 will be cut . If instead the input signal has a logic high current flows through the BC junction of Q1 Q2 making into a state of saturation.

The diode D1 is placed to protect the entrance of Q1 to a possible negative value of voltage, if necessary would only input the voltage of the diode D1.

FUNCTION OR

Symbol and truth table

Circuit

Again no change in the output stages and excitement but as this function has two inputs (A and B) corresponding stage doubles, one input (A) is formed by R1, D1, Q1 and R3 and the other (B) R2, D2, Q2 R4 and R5 being common to both inputs.

If the entry at this level high current flows through R1, D1, the BE junction of Q1 and Q3 R3 is making the cut, the same will happen if the input B is high with the obvious difference that this time current will flow through R2, D2, BE union Q2 and R5.

If both inputs are high at Q1 and Q2 go into saturation simultaneously maintaining the status of Q3 cut in the opposite case (both inputs to low) Q1 and Q2 come into court for not running in the union movement BE of both which will saturate the collector voltage of Q3.

short we can say that

When A and B = 0 Q1 is off, Q2 is off, Q3 in saturation and output = 0
When A = 0 and B = 1 is in court Q1, Q2 in saturation, Q3 in court and out = 1
When A = 1 and B = 0 Q1 is in saturation cut Q2, Q3 in court and out = 1
When A and B = 1 is in saturation Q1, Q2 is in saturation, Q3 in court and out = 1 AND FUNCTION

Symbol and truth table

Circuit

As in previous cases the output stage is no different, if you do the stage of excitement which is double (Q6 and Q3). So that there exit a high level as Q3 Q6 both should be cut, if any of them goes into the output saturation level will lower, or that this is where the AND function occurs. On

entries both behave the same way as explained in the OR and equality with the difference that the collector outputs will be independent of excitation stage (Q1-Q6 and Q2-Q3) so I think no major problems in understanding the operation. Just say that input A will be composed of R1, D1, Q1, R3 and R4 and input B for R2, D2, Q2, R5 and R6.

short:

If A = 0 and B = 0 Q1, Q2, D1, D2 and Q4 does not lead; Q6, Q3 and Q5 are in saturation and output = 0
If A = 0 and B = 1 D1, Q1, Q3 and Q4 do not lead, D2, Q2, Q6 and Q5 if they lead and the output = 0
If A = 1 and B = 0 D2, Q2, Q6 and Q4 do not lead, D1, Q1, Q3 and Q5 if they lead and the output = 0
If A = 1 and B = 1 Q6, Q3 and Q5 do not lead, D1, D2, Q1, Q2, and Q4 if they lead and the output = 1

FUNCTION NOR symbol and truth table

Circuit

stages

Here output and excitation are the same as those shown in the previous circuit stages input is equal to that explained in the circuit INVESTMENT function with the difference that here twice, the input A is composed of Q1, D1 and R1 and input B for Q2, D2 and R2.

Summary:

If A = 0 and B = 0
BE Q1 in conduction, BC
BE Q1 Q2 cut in driving, cutting BC
Q2 Q3, Q4 and Q6 in court; Q5 driving out
= 1

If A = 0 and B = 1
BE Q1 in conduction, in court
BC BE Q1 Q2 just driving, driving
BC Q2 Q3 and Q5 in court, Q4 and Q6 in conduction
Output = 0

If A = 1 and B = 0
just BE Q1 driving, driving
BC BE Q1 Q2 in driving, cutting BC
Q2 Q4 and Q5 in court, Q3 and Q6 in conduction
Output = 0

If A = 1 and B = 1
BE Q1 just leads, BC BE Q1 Q2
driving just leads, BC
driving Q2 Q3, Q4 and Q6 in conduction; Q5
cut output = 0

NAND FUNCTION symbol and truth table

Circuit

The circuit at this point the article should not present major problems of interpretation, the output stage is already known, the stage of excitement is the same as used in the OR functions, investors and PAR and the input stage and the role INVERSORA NOR and only differs from the previous one that the collectors of both inputs are linked to a single point, the base of Q3 because the stage of excitement is simple and twofold.

short:

If A = 0 and B = 0
BE Q2 driving
BC BE Q2 Q1 cut in driving, cutting BC
Q1 Q3 and Q5 in court; Q4 and D3 in driving out
= 1

If A = 0 and B = 1
BE Q2 in conduction, BC cut Q2 Q1 BE
just driving, driving
BC Q1 Q3 and Q5 in court, driving Q4 and D3 Output = 1

If A = 1 and B = 0
BE Q2 just driving, driving
BC BE Q2 Q1 in driving, cutting BC
Q1 Q3 and Q5 in court; Q4 and D3 in driving out
= 1

If A = 1 and B = 1
BE Q2 just driving, driving
BC BE Q2 Q1 just driving, driving
BC Q1 Q3 and Q5 in driving, Q4 and D3
cut output = 0

EXCLUSIVE OR FUNCTION

symbol and truth table

Circuit

Once again the output stages and arousal correspond to those already seen, as she had doubled the input stage to support A and B in which the components are distributed as follows: for entry to correspond D1, Q2 and R2 and input B D2, Q1 and R1 R3 part being common to both.

If you look closely at the circuit we see that the BE junction of Q1 and Q2 are connected through a limiting resistor (R1 and R2) respectively, if we continue to see appreciate that input A comes through resistance R2 to the base of Q2 and in turn the emitter of Q1, similarly input B leads to the base of Q1 and Q2 emitter. This connection keeps cutting state Q1 and Q2 provided the levels of A and B are equal, if these prices go into driving the affected transistor going into saturation and would make the cut to Q3.

short:

If A = 0 and B = 0
BE Q2 in court, in court
BE Q2 Q1 in court, in court
Q1 Q3 and Q4 Q5 in saturation and D3

cut output = 0

If A = 0 and B = 1
BE cut Q2, Q2 in court on driving
BE Q1, Q1 to Q3 and Q5
driving in Q4 and D3
cut in output = 1
driving

If A = 1 and B = 0
BE Q2 in driving, driving Q2 Q1 BE
in court Q1 Q3 and Q5
cut in Q4 and D3
cut in output = 1
driving

If A = 1 and B = 1
BE cut Q2, Q2 Q1 BE
in court in court in court
Q1 Q3 and Q4 Q5 in saturation and D3

cut output = 0

hope you like this mini explanation of discrete gates, I want to clarify that this explanation is only to clarify concepts and should not be used to replace these functions in a circuit because for that they were reliable it must meet certain conditions of mating in the transistors that would be very difficult to obtain in practice, besides being wasteful.

Download: PDF

577 KB Author: Web
Gariel origin: www.geglab.com.ar

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bidirectional I2C adapter levels

With the advent of microcontrollers had a problem 3.3V with the I2C bus, this was that, unlike other communication protocols such as SPI, I2C bus lines are bi-directional which means that if the device has not fed 3.3V 5V tolerant inputs was difficult to unify microcontroller and I2C peripherals with different levels of tension.

For those who understand the language Saxon can view the article in language original since what follows is only a summarized translation and free application note AN97055 Philips Semiconductors called and the occasional snack of mine.

I2C BUS LOGIC LEVELS

I2C specifies two types of logic levels:

a - From fixed levels.
B - dependent levels of the supply voltage. FIXED LEVELS

Oriented CMOS devices are not voltage levels higher than 5V. The levels of I / O specified are: State

input LOW [VII]: minimum 1.5V-0.5V max. HIGH-state input
[HIV]: minimum maximum VDDmax 3V + 0.5V.

LOW output state [VOL]: minimum maximum 0V 0.4V. HIGH-state output
[VOH]: open collector output, determined by VDD via pull-up resistor.

DEPENDENT LEVELS OF SUPPLY VOLTAGE

Oriented CMOS devices with voltage levels of 5V or less. The levels of I / O specified are: State

input LOW [VII]: minimum-maximum 0.5V 0.3VDD. HIGH-state input
[HIV]: minimum 0.7VDD VDDmax + 0.5V max.

LOW output state [VOL]: minimum 0V 0.4V maximum. HIGH-state output
[VOH]: open collector output, determined by VDD via pull-up resistor.

bus logic levels depend upon the pull-up resistors connected to VDD, leakage currents and, if any, resistance in series with the I / O of dipositvos connected to it. These values \u200b\u200bshould be selected so that duralte LOW state of the bus is present at least equal to 0.1VDD noise and the state of 0.2VDD HIGH.

LEVELS WAY ADAPTER

Next we see the proposed scheme to adapt two sections of a bus with different voltage levels:

The left section has pull-up resistors and devices that are connected to 3.3V, while the right section is devoted to 5V devices. The adapter is identical for both bus lines and consists of a pair of MOS-FET N-channel, the doors are connected to the lower of the voltages (3.3V), the sources section of "low voltage bus and drains to the section of "high voltage." HOW

• Case 1: No device is the bus down the section of "low voltage" so this will be in HIGH state because of the pull-up resistors RP1 and RP2, the gate and source of the MOS-FET will be found to 3.3V so its Vgs is below the threshold and the MOS-FET not lead. This will allow the bus lines of the section of "high voltage" state remain high due to pull-up resistors RP3 and RP4 and so both sections will be in HIGH state but at different voltage levels.
• Case2: A 3.3V device takes the bus to a low state then the source of MOS-FET is low while the door remains to 3.3V, the Vgs increases above the trigger threshold by the MOS-FET drive, thus the bus section of "high voltage" is due to the state LOW LOW 3.3V section and due to conduction of MOS-FET.
• CaSO3: A 5V device takes the bus to a LOW state, the section of "low voltage" in the first instance via the lower drain-substrate diode of the MOS-FET internal to the Vgs exceeds the threshold value and drive MOS-FET which bus line of the section of "low voltage" will be a LOW via conduction of MOS-FET.

The 3 cases listed show that the logic levels are transferred in both directions of the bus, in case 2 and 3 are performing a function "wired AND" between the two bus lines as required by I2C specification.

You can use other voltage levels other than those listed if the left section of the circuit is the lower voltage, the maximum voltage is not critical as long as the MOS-FET can handle it but it should be noted that higher voltage the slower the fall of tension or "falling edge" because it takes longer to download the bus. The lowest voltage that can be used is given by the threshold voltage of MOS-FET or Vgs (th).

An additional feature of this circuit is the isolation of the section is low voltage of 3.3V when the voltage is switched off, in this case the voltage will be 0V and the MOS-FET will be disconnected because the Vgs remain below the threshold voltage, the section of "high voltage" is not affected and remain operational.

CIRCUIT MODIFICATION

If necessary also to isolate the section of "high voltage" when the voltage is turned off, then you should use the following circuit:

In this case if the voltage of 5V is tripped the section is isolated from the rest of the bus due to the transistors Q3 and Q4, the section of "low voltage" will also be isolated in case of disconnect as in the 3.3V previous case but now independent of 5V.

Since this circuit is symmetrical sections of "high voltage" and "low voltage" can be chosen arbitrarily in both the left and right of the circuit.

CONSIDERATIONS TO CONSIDER FOR MOS-FET

• Type: Canal N
• threshold gate [Vgs (th),] : Minimum 0.1V, 2V max. Resistance
• driving [RDS (on)] : maximum 100Ω @ ID = 3mA, VGS = 2.5V.
• input capacity [Ciss] : maximum 100pF @ VDS = 1V, VGS = 0V.
• switching times [ton toff] : 50 ns max.
• drain current [ID] : 10mA or higher.

Download: PDF

473 KB Author: Gabriel Web
origin: www.geglab.com.ar

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